Cell manufacturing/Formation

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Description

Production process

  • Formation is first charging and discharging processes of the cell
  • Cells are stored in formation racks and contacted by spring-loaded contact pins
  • Cells are charged / discharged according to predefined current and voltage curves
  • During formation, lithium ions are embedded in the crystal structure of the graphite on the anode side which leads to formation of the Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI); SEI creates an interface layer between electrolyte and electrode
  • Parameters during formation have high impact on cell performance

Process parameters & requirements

  • First charge: approx. 0.1 C - 0.5 C; SOC approx. 20 % - 80 %
  • Successive increase in C-rates with each charging and discharging cycle
  • Duration: up to 24 h
  • Low contact resistances at the spring-loaded contact pins

Technology alternatives

  • Different formation procedures

Quality influences

  • Orientation of the cells
  • Contact method
  • Process temperature
  • Pressurisation, especially of pouch cells

Quality features

  • Formation of the SEI layer
  • Stability of the SEI layer
  • Internal resistance of the cell

Source

Heimes, H.H.; Kampker, A.; Lienemann, C.; Locke, M.; Offermanns, C.; Michaelis, S.; Rahimzei, E. (2018) Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Production Process; PEM of RWTH Aachen and VDMA, 3rd Edition, ISBN:978-3-947920-03-7


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