Cell manufacturing/Stacking

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|description=
===Production process===

*Separated electrode sheets are stacked in a repeating cycle of anode, separator, cathode, separator, etc.
*Classic variant of stacking is the so-called Z-folding
*Anode and cathode sheets are inserted alternately from the left and right into the z-shaped folded separator; separator is used as endless tape and cut off after the stacking process is completed
*Finalized cell stack is fixed with adhesive tape
*Sheets are transported and positioned by vacuum grippers
*Depending on cell specification, the cell stack consists of a specific number of individual layers

===Process parameters & requirements===
<gallery>
File:Z-Falter Fraunhofer ISC.jpg|Z-Folder @ Fraunhofer ISC
File:Z-Falter Fraunhofer ISC Progress.jpg|Z-Folder during stacking
File:Z-Falter Fraunhofer ISC Result.jpg|Resulting electrode stack
</gallery>

*Z-folding: Individual anode and cathode sheets are placed laterally in the Z-folded separator web
*Stacking accuracy: ± 200 μm - 300 μm

===Technology alternatives===

*Lamination process: The individual electrode and separator sheets are laminated onto each other in a continuous process and are then usually pressed together by a heat press.
*Pocket Stacking: The cathode sheets are placed in a separator pocket. Afterwards cathode and anode sheets are stacked alternately.

===Quality influences===

*Exact positioning of individual sheets as central quality criterion.
*Position detection and alignment of sheets of different sizes with a vacuum gripper
*Mechanical pre-tensioning of the separator

===Quality features===

*Positioning accuracy of the anode and cathode sheets
*Damage-free electrode surfaces and edges
*Avoidance of electrostatic charging

===Source===
Heimes, H.H.; Kampker, A.; Lienemann, C.; Locke, M.; Offermanns, C.; Michaelis, S.; Rahimzei, E. (2018) ''Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Production Process''; PEM of RWTH Aachen and VDMA, 3rd Edition, ISBN:978-3-947920-03-7

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